质量体系里有一张图，画出来像只乌龟：中间一个身子，左边一个头，右边一条尾巴，下面四条腿。外行看是简笔画，内行看是过程分析的完整地图——审核员按图逐格提问，一格空白就露馅。下面用一个注塑工序的例子，把这九个格子一格一格说清楚。
▌ 身子、头与尾：过程本身、输入与输出
身子写过程名称，必须写实"做什么"，不能只写部门名。注塑例：写"外壳件注塑成型"，而不是"注塑车间"——审核员看到前者能继续提问，看到后者只能摇头。头朝左，吃进来的是输入：烘料后的 ABS 粒子、模具、工艺参数卡、设备点检合格的状态；尾朝右，排出去的是输出：外壳成品、首检记录、料柄废料。这两处最常被画空，尤其"输入里包含哪些信息和状态"，多数工厂答不完整。
▌ 前两条腿：用什么做、谁来做
- 用什么做（材料与设备）：设备、工装、模具、物料，加上动力和环境条件。注塑例：注塑机机台编号、模具编号与保养记录、模温机、烘料干燥机。审核员会追一句：模具保养到期了吗？烘料温度和时间有规定吗？答不上就是空白格；
- 谁来做（人员）：谁操作、需要什么资质、怎么培训上岗。注塑例：操作工持上岗培训记录，调机员需两年以上经验并通过考核，检验员持视力复查记录。这一格容易虚填"按需培训"——没有记录等于没填。
▌ 后两条腿：怎么做、做得怎么样
- 怎么做（方法与程序）：作业指导书、工艺参数、控制计划、异常处置流程。注塑例：参数卡写明料温、模温、射速、保压、冷却时间；作业指导书写清开机首件确认和自主检验频次。这一格要与控制计划、PFMEA 对得上，各写各的就穿帮；
- 做得怎么样（指标与测量）：过程绩效用什么衡量、多久看一次、超差怎么办。注塑例：一次合格率 ≥98%、停机时间、单件料耗，按班统计在车间看板上，异常触发反应计划。很多乌龟图前三条腿都齐，唯独这条腿软——没有指标，过程好不好全凭感觉。
▌ 谁在用这张图
IATF 16949 讲过程方法，乌龟图就是把"过程"画出来；VDA 6.3 审核 P6 批量生产时，提问表按六个子要素展开，与乌龟图的头、尾、四条腿一一对应，等于拿着乌龟图逐格查现场。不少企业文件漂亮、现场一问就断链——先把一个车间的乌龟图画全，九个格子填实，再谈体系成熟度：图填不满，说明过程没管住。
记一句：一只乌龟画完，输入输出四条腿，九个格子就是一道工序的全部家底。下次审核前，先自己画一只试试。
想带团队把每个过程的乌龟图画实、画到审核不怕问？续创的在线实操课用真实工序边学边练。欢迎联系续创信息技术咨询。
Quality systems contain a diagram that looks like a turtle: a body in the middle, a head on the left, a tail on the right and four legs below. To outsiders it is a doodle; to insiders it is a complete map of process analysis — auditors walk the map box by box, and one blank box gives you away. Below, an injection moulding example fills in every one of the nine boxes.
▌ Body, Head and Tail: The Process Itself, Its Inputs and Outputs
The body holds the process name, which must state what is actually done, not just a department. In our example: write "injection moulding of housing parts", not "moulding workshop" — the former lets an auditor keep asking, the latter earns a head shake. The head faces left and takes in the inputs: dried ABS pellets, the mould, the parameter card, and equipment in a passed-check status; the tail points right and pushes out the outputs: finished housings, first-article inspection records, and runner scrap. These two boxes are most often left blank — especially "what information and statuses count as inputs", which most factories cannot answer completely.
▌ The Front Two Legs: With What, and By Whom
- With what (materials and equipment): machines, tooling, moulds, materials, plus utilities and environmental conditions. In the example: machine ID, mould ID and maintenance records, mould temperature controller, and the material dryer. The auditor will press on: is mould maintenance due? Are drying temperature and time specified? No answer means a blank box;
- By whom (people): who operates it, with what qualifications, trained how. In the example: operators with onboarding training records, setters with at least two years' experience who have passed an assessment, and inspectors with vision re-check records. This leg is most often faked with "train as needed" — no records means it was never filled in.
▌ The Back Two Legs: How, and How Well
- How (methods and procedures): work instructions, process parameters, the control plan, and the abnormal-handling flow. In the example: the parameter card specifies melt temperature, mould temperature, injection speed, holding pressure and cooling time; the work instruction defines start-up first-piece confirmation and self-inspection frequency. This box must agree with the control plan and PFMEA — write them separately and the inconsistency shows;
- How well (metrics and measurement): how process performance is measured, how often it is reviewed, and what happens when it goes out of spec. In the example: first-pass yield ≥ 98%, downtime and material consumption per part, tallied per shift on the shop-floor board, with abnormalities triggering the reaction plan. Many turtle diagrams have the first three legs complete but this one limp — without metrics, whether the process runs well is pure guesswork.
▌ Who Uses This Diagram
IATF 16949 preaches the process approach, and the turtle diagram is how you draw a "process". When VDA 6.3 audits P6 series production, the questionnaire unfolds along six sub-elements that map one-to-one onto the turtle's head, tail and four legs — the auditor is literally walking your turtle diagram across the floor. Many companies have beautiful documents but break down at the first question on site. Fill one workshop's turtle diagram completely first — all nine boxes solid — then talk about system maturity: if the diagram cannot be filled, the process is not under control.
One line to remember: one turtle — inputs, outputs and four legs — and nine boxes hold everything a process owns. Before your next audit, try drawing one yourself.
Want your team to fill every process's turtle diagram solidly enough to survive any audit? CINO's hands-on online courses practise on real operations. Contact CINO Information Technology Consulting.